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Plasma therapy, and so on. Based on the therapy methods, surface
Plasma therapy, and so on. Depending on the therapy methods, surface modification mainly impacts surface chemistry. Within this overview, we summarized a number of modification methods for agricultural-waste-based ACs. In addition, the applications of AC for the adsorption of various pollutants are highlighted. Keywords: agricultural waste; biomass; activated carbon; environmental remediationReceived: 26 September 2021 Accepted: 19 November 2021 Published: 21 NovemberPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Agricultural wastes have come to be a worldwide challenge in recent years due to inefficient disposal and poor management approaches mainly in developing countries. The majority of agricultural biomass residues are discarded to decompose naturally or are burned openly, which can generate dangerous gases, smoke, and dust, thereby resulting in air, soil, and water pollution [1]. Therefore, it truly is essential to address this environmental issue caused by agricultural byproducts (wastes). Utilization of agricultural wastes or biomasses for solving environmental difficulties might be considered as an effective and green method in environmental protection as they are inexpensive, renewable, and locally out there in substantial quantities [2]. In the literature, agricultural wastes happen to be proposed as an financial and eco-friendly precursor for ACs [5]. The agricultural wastes are rich in lignocelluloses, mostly composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose (350 ), hemicellulose (205 ), and an aromatic polymer, lignin (105 ) [10]. Hemicellulose and lignin act as matrix and encrusting components, respectively, and surround cellulose to create a skeleton [11]. Becoming lignocellulosic materials, they have unique chemical compositions having a low content ofCopyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This short article is an open access report distributed beneath the terms and situations of your Inventive LY294002 Epigenetic Reader Domain Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanohttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsNanomaterials 2021, 11,two ofinorganic components in addition to a relatively higher content material of volatile organic components. Such chemical YC-001 In Vivo composition allows them to synthesize ACs having a well-defined pore structure/network and extended surface location. This conversion could resolve troubles related to undesirable agricultural wastes by turning them into a helpful, useful adsorbent that will address troubles associated with environmental pollution and waste management. The facile conversion of pollutant materials into useful ones which will be applied as an adsorbent to remove other pollutants present in the water/air becomes a blessing for material scientists and environmental engineers. Furthermore, AC derived from lignocellulosic biomass wastes has the possible to be a low-cost substitute for non-renewable coal-based granular ACs, presuming they have equal or higher adsorption efficiency [12,13]. The biochemical compositions of some agriculture lignocellulosic biomasses are given in Table 1.Table 1. The biochemical composition of some agriculture lignocellulosic biomasses [14].Feedstock Almond shell Bamboo Banana waste Barley straw Rice straw Sugarcane bagasse Tea waste Walnut shell Wheat straw Wood Lignin 20.four 21.31 14 144 18 232 40 52.three 150 250 Cellulose 50.7 263 13.2 314 32.1 194 30.2 25.six 330.