R ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AP DP RS EM AW. Performed the experiments: AP GDG RS. Analyzed the data: AP DP RS EM AW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AP GDG RS EM AW. Wrote the paper: AP.
Allogeneic islet transplantation represents a viable therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a selected group of patients. Remarkable improvements in the clinical islet transplantation field have been made with the development of the Edmonton protocol [1] and subsequent improvements on the original protocol [2]. However, the extensive loss of get KS-176 islets during the post-transplantation period means that individual graft recipients require multiple donors, further limiting the clinical applicability of islet transplantation as a therapy for T1D. Experimental studies in animal models are therefore being directed towards understanding the reasons for post-transplantation islet failure and to developing strategies to enhance 22948146 the survival, function and engraftment of transplanted islets. Delivering islets via the clinically-relevant intraportal route is technically challenging in experimental studies using rodents and it complicates subsequent graft retrieval for post-transplantation analysis, so extrahepatic sites are often used. In addition, while infusing islets into the hepatic portal vein is relatively simple and non-invasive in humans, experimental evidence is emerging that this site places the 57773-63-4 grafts into a hostile microenvironment which may be responsible, at least in part, for the post-transplantation loss of islet function [3], so the use of alternative sites may have clinical benefits. However, transplantation of islets as pellets at extrahepatic sites results in the fusion of individual islets andformation of large endocrine aggregates [4?], which 
may be deleterious to their function. In a recent study in which we cotransplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with islets beneath the kidney capsule in diabetic mice, we noted profound alterations in graft morphology when compared to islet alone grafts, with the MSCs maintaining normal islet size and architecture at the subcapsular site [6]. This was associated with increased vascularisation of the transplanted islets and beneficial outcomes for graft function and glycemic control when compared to islet-alone grafts. MSCs may influence graft function through multiple mechanisms [7?5], so in the current study we have investigated whether maintenance of islet morphology per se influences islet transplantation outcomes, in the absence of MSCs or any alternative supportive cell type. Specifically, we have used two different noncell based experimental strategies to maintain islet morphology in the renal subcapsular site and assessed the effects on islet function in vivo compared to conventional implantation of islet pellets.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll animal procedures were approved by our institution’s Ethics Committee and carried out under license, in accordance with the UK Home Office Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (Project licence: PPL no. 70/6770). All animals had free access to water and 
pelleted food throughout experiments. For all surgicalMaintenance of Islet Morphologyprocedures mice were anesthetised with isofluorane. Buprenorphine was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg, as an analgesic and all efforts were made to minimise suffering.ImmunohistochemistryGraft bearing kidneys and pancreata were fixed in 4 (vol./ vol.) form.R ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AP DP RS EM AW. Performed the experiments: AP GDG RS. Analyzed the data: AP DP RS EM AW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AP GDG RS EM AW. Wrote the paper: AP.
Allogeneic islet transplantation represents a viable therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a selected group of patients. Remarkable improvements in the clinical islet transplantation field have been made with the development of the Edmonton protocol [1] and subsequent improvements on the original protocol [2]. However, the extensive loss of islets during the post-transplantation period means that individual graft recipients require multiple donors, further limiting the clinical applicability of islet transplantation as a therapy for T1D. Experimental studies in animal models are therefore being directed towards understanding the reasons for post-transplantation islet failure and to developing strategies to enhance 22948146 the survival, function and engraftment of transplanted islets. Delivering islets via the clinically-relevant intraportal route is technically challenging in experimental studies using rodents and it complicates subsequent graft retrieval for post-transplantation analysis, so extrahepatic sites are often used. In addition, while infusing islets into the hepatic portal vein is relatively simple and non-invasive in humans, experimental evidence is emerging that this site places the grafts into a hostile microenvironment which may be responsible, at least in part, for the post-transplantation loss of islet function [3], so the use of alternative sites may have clinical benefits. However, transplantation of islets as pellets at extrahepatic sites results in the fusion of individual islets andformation of large endocrine aggregates [4?], which may be deleterious to their function. In a recent study in which we cotransplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with islets beneath the kidney capsule in diabetic mice, we noted profound alterations in graft morphology when compared to islet alone grafts, with the MSCs maintaining normal islet size and architecture at the subcapsular site [6]. This was associated with increased vascularisation of the transplanted islets and beneficial outcomes for graft function and glycemic control when compared to islet-alone grafts. MSCs may influence graft function through multiple mechanisms [7?5], so in the current study we have investigated whether maintenance of islet morphology per se influences islet transplantation outcomes, in the absence of MSCs or any alternative supportive cell type. Specifically, we have used two different noncell based experimental strategies to maintain islet morphology in the renal subcapsular site and assessed the effects on islet function in vivo compared to conventional implantation of islet pellets.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll animal procedures were approved by our institution’s Ethics Committee and carried out under license, in accordance with the UK Home Office Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (Project licence: PPL no. 70/6770). All animals had free access to water and pelleted food throughout experiments. For all surgicalMaintenance of Islet Morphologyprocedures mice were anesthetised with isofluorane. Buprenorphine was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg, as an analgesic and all efforts were made to minimise suffering.ImmunohistochemistryGraft bearing kidneys and pancreata were fixed in 4 (vol./ vol.) form.